Who (might have) met whom
Sciences, music and (French) litterature have always been major topics for me. I wondered who, among these scientists, composers and writers I'd heard about, would have had the opportunity to get to know each other.
1500s
- 1501 - 1576: Gerolamo Cardano
Gerolamo Cardano (24/9/1501 - 21/9/1576) was an Italian polymath whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, music theorist, writer, and gambler, known for Cardano–Tartaglia formula and first systematic use of negative numbers in Europe. - 1524 - 1585: Pierre de Ronsard
Pierre de Ronsard (11/9/1524 - 27/12/1585) was a French poet, known for writing Les Odes and Les Amours. - 1540 - 1603: François Viète
François Viète (1540 - 23/2/1603) was a French mathematician, known for new algebra (the first symbolic algebra) and Viète's formula. - 1564 - 1642: Galileo Galilei
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15/2/1564 - 8/1/1642) was a Florentine astronomer, physicist and engineer, known for heliocentrism and observational astronomy. - 1567 - 1643: Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (15/5/1567 - 29/11/1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player, known for composing Madrigals Book 8 (Madrigali guerrieri et amorosi) and Messa a quattro voci (Mass in Four Voices). - 1596 - 1650: René Descartes
René Descartes (31/3/1596 - 11/2/1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, known for heliocentrism and Descartes' work on the nature of light and colors.
1600s
- 1616 - 1703: John Wallis
John Wallis (3/12/1616 - 8/11/1703) was an English clergyman and mathematician, known for Wallis product and coining the term 'momentum'. - 1622 - 1673: Molière
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (15/1/1622 - 17/2/1673) was a French playwright, actor, and poet, known for writing Le Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur and L'Avare. - 1632 - 1687: Jean-Baptiste Lully
Jean-Baptiste Lully (28/11/1632 - 22/3/1687) was a French composer, dancer and instrumentalist of Italian birth, known for composing Phaéton (Opera) and Le Malade imaginaire (Ballet). - 1643 - 1727: Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton (4/1/1643 - 31/3/1727) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author, known for Newton's methods and Newton lines. - 1643 - 1704: Marc-Antoine Charpentier
Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643 - 24/2/1704) was a French Baroque composer, known for composing Le Reniement de Saint Pierre and Concerts en style italien. - 1646 - 1716: Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1/7/1646 - 14/11/1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat, known for Calculus (independently of Newton) and law of continuity. - 1653 - 1706: Johann Pachelbel
Johann Pachelbel (11/9/1653 - 9/3/1706) was a German composer, organist, and teacher, known for composing Chaconne in F minor and Psalm 100. - 1661 - 1704: Guillaume de l'Hôpital
Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital (7/6/1661 - 2/2/1704) was a French mathematician, known for infinitesimal calculus and L'Hôpital's rule. - 1667 - 1754: Abraham de Moivre
Abraham de Moivre (26/5/1667 - 27/11/1754) was a French mathematician, known for De Moivre's martingale and inclusion–exclusion principle. - 1678 - 1741: Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4/3/1678 - 28/7/1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music, known for composing Bassoon Concerto in E minor and Concerto for Four Violins in B minor. - 1681 - 1767: Georg Philipp Telemann
Georg Philipp Telemann (24/3/1681 - 25/6/1767) was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist, known for composing La Musique de Table (Tafelmusik) and Partitas for Harpsichord. - 1685 - 1750: Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach (31/3/1685 - 28/7/1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period, known for composing Magnificat in D major and Prelude and Fugue in C major. - 1685 - 1759: George Frideric Handel
Georg Friederich Händel (23/2/1685 - 14/4/1759) was a German-British Baroque composer known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos, known for composing Israel in Egypt and Alcina. - 1685 - 1731: Brook Taylor
Brook Taylor (18/8/1685 - 29/12/1731) was an English mathematician and barrister, known for Taylor's theorem and integration by parts. - 1689 - 1755: Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18/1/1689 - 10/2/1755) was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher, known for writing Lettres persanes and De l'esprit des lois. - 1690 - 1730: Leonardo Vinci
Leonardo Vinci (1690 - 27/5/1730) was an Italian Baroque composer, known for composing Semiramide riconosciuta and Li finti ciechi. - 1692 - 1770: James Stirling
James Stirling (11/5/1692 - 5/12/1770) was a Scottish mathematician, known for Stirling's approximation and Stirling numbers. - 1694 - 1778: Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21/11/1694 - 30/5/1778) was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, satirist, and historian, known for writing La Pucelle d'Orléans and Le Siècle de Louis XIV. - 1697 - 1763: Abbé Prévost
Antoine François Prévost d'Exiles (1/4/1697 - 25/11/1763) was a French priest, author, and novelist, known for writing Cleveland and La Jeunesse du commandeur. - 1698 - 1746: Colin Maclaurin
Colin Maclaurin (1698 - 14/6/1746) was a Scottish mathematician, known for Braikenridge–Maclaurin theorem and trisectrix of Maclaurin.
1700s
- 1700 - 1782: Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli (8/2/1700 - 17/3/1782) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist, known for gamma function and thermodynamics. - 1707 - 1783: Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (15/4/1707 - 7/9/1783) was a Swiss polymath who was active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician, geographer, and engineer, known for Euler's totient function and Euler's buckling formula. - 1712 - 1778: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28/6/1712 - 2/7/1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer, known for writing Du contrat social and Julie ou la Nouvelle Héloïse. - 1713 - 1784: Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot (5/10/1713 - 31/7/1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, known for writing Les Bijoux indiscrets and Le Neveu de Rameau. - 1714 - 1788: Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Karl Philipp Emmanuel Bach (8/3/1714 - 14/12/1788) was a German Baroque and Classical period composer and musician, known for composing Flute Concerto in D minor, H. 425 and Six Sinfonias for Keyboard, H. 619. - 1717 - 1757: Johann Stamitz
Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz (18/6/1717 - 27/3/1757) was a Bohemian composer and violinist, known for composing Concerto for Violin in D major and Concerto for Violin and Viola in G major. - 1717 - 1783: Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (16/11/1717 - 29/10/1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist, known for D'Alembert's functional equation and D'Alembert–Euler condition. - 1732 - 1809: Franz Joseph Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn (31/3/1732 - 31/5/1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period, known for composing Missa in Angustiis and Symphony No. 83, 'The Hen'. - 1732 - 1799: Pierre Beaumarchais
Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (24/1/1732 - 18/5/1799) was a French polymath, known for writing Le Mariage de Figaro and La Mère coupable. - 1736 - 1813: Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia (25/1/1736 - 10/4/1813) was an Italian mathematician, physicist and astronomer, later naturalized French, known for Lagrange stability and Lagrange's approximation theorem. - 1749 - 1801: Domenico Cimarosa
Domenico Cimarosa (17/12/1749 - 11/1/1801) was an Italian composer of the Neapolitan School and of the Classical period, known for composing Overture in G major and Quintet for Winds. - 1750 - 1825: Antonio Salieri
Antonio Salieri (18/8/1750 - 7/5/1825) was an Italian composer and teacher of the classical period, known for composing Requiem in B-flat major and Tantum Ergo for Choir and Orchestra. - 1756 - 1791: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27/1/1756 - 5/12/1791) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period, known for composing Cosi fan tutte and String Quintet in C major, K. 515. - 1759 - 1803: François Devienne
François Devienne (31/1/1759 - 5/9/1803) was a French composer of the Classical period and professor for flute at the Paris Conservatory, known for writing Six Duets for Two Flutes, Op. 5 and Three Sonatas for Flute and Harpsichord. - 1768 - 1848: François-René de Chateaubriand
François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand (4/9/1768 - 4/7/1848) was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian, known for writing Atala and Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe. - 1768 - 1830: Joseph Fourier
Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (21/3/1768 - 17/5/1830) was a French mathematician and physicist, known for Fourier number and Fourier transform. - 1770 - 1827: Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (17/12/1770 - 26/3/1827) was a German composer and pianist, known for composing Symphony No. 3, 'Eroica' and Piano Concerto No. 4. - 1777 - 1855: Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (30/4/1777 - 23/2/1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist, known for fundamental theorem of algebra and theorema egregium. - 1781 - 1848: Bernard Bolzano
Bernardus Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano (5/10/1781 - 18/12/1848) was a Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher, theologian and Catholic priest of Italian extraction, known for Bolzano's theorem (the first purely analytic proof of the intermediate value theorem) and Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. - 1782 - 1840: Niccolò Paganini
Niccolò Paganini (27/10/1782 - 27/5/1840) was an Italian violinist and composer, known for composing 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1 and Guitar Duos. - 1783 - 1842: Stendhal
Marie-Henri Beyle (23/1/1783 - 23/3/1842) was a French writer, known for writing Le Rouge et le Noir and Lucien Leuwen. - 1789 - 1857: Augustin-Louis Cauchy
Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy (21/8/1789 - 23/5/1857) was a French mathematician, engineer, and physicist, known for Cauchy-continuous function and Cauchy process. - 1790 - 1869: Alphonse de Lamartine
Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (21/10/1790 - 28/2/1869) was a French author, poet, and statesman, known for writing Cours familier de littérature and La Vigne et la Maison. - 1791 - 1867: Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (22/9/1791 - 25/8/1867) was an English physicist and chemist, known for Faraday rotator and Faraday wheel. - 1792 - 1868: Gioachino Rossini
Gioachino Antonio Rossini (29/2/1792 - 13/11/1868) was an Italian composer, known for composing The Thieving Magpie (Opera) and The Italian Girl in Algiers (Opera). - 1797 - 1828: Franz Peter Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (31/1/1797 - 19/11/1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras, known for composing Symphony No. 8, 'Unfinished' and Mass in A-flat major. - 1799 - 1850: Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac (20/5/1799 - 18/8/1850) was a French novelist and playwright, known for writing La Peau de chagrin and Illusions perdues.
1800 - 1819
- 1801 - 1835: Vincenzo Bellini
Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini (3/11/1801 - 23/9/1835) was an Italian opera composer, known for composing Capuleti e Montecchi (Opera) and L'elisir d'amore (Overture). - 1801 - 1859: Joseph Raabe
Joseph Ludwig Raabe (15/5/1801 - 22/1/1859) was a Swiss mathematician, known for Raabe's ratio test and Raabe integral of the gamma function. - 1802 - 1885: Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (26/2/1802 - 22/5/1885) was a French Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, and politician, known for writing Les Misérables and Ruy Blas. - 1802 - 1870: Alexandre Dumas
Alexandre Dumas (24/7/1802 - 5/12/1870) was a French novelist and playwright, known for writing Les Trois Mousquetaires and Le Vicomte de Bragelonne. - 1802 - 1829: Niels Henrik Abel
Niels Henrik Abel (5/8/1802 - 6/4/1829) was a Norwegian mathematician, known for Abel equation of the first kind and Abel–Plana formula. - 1803 - 1870: Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée (28/9/1803 - 23/9/1870) was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, known for writing Homme en Grande Bottes and Mateo Falcone. - 1804 - 1889: Viktor Bunyakovsky
Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky (16/12/1804 - 12/12/1889) was a Russian mathematician, known for Bunyakovsky conjecture and probability theory. - 1805 - 1859: Peter Dirichlet
Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (13/2/1805 - 5/5/1859) was a German mathematician, known for Dirichlet form and general Dirichlet series. - 1806 - 1871: Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27/6/1806 - 18/3/1871) was a British mathematician and logician, known for De Morgan algebra and De Morgan hierarchy. - 1809 - 1847: Felix Mendelssohn
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3/2/1809 - 4/11/1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period, known for composing Symphony No. 3, 'Scottish' and Concerto for Two Pianos in A-flat major. - 1810 - 1849: Frédéric François Chopin
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1/3/1810 - 17/10/1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, who wrote primarily for solo piano, known for composing Nocturnes and Polonaise-Fantaisie in A-flat major. - 1810 - 1856: Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann (8/6/1810 - 29/7/1856) was a German composer, pianist, and music critic of the early Romantic era, known for composing Piano Sonata No. 2 in G minor and Arabesque, Op. 18. - 1811 - 1886: Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt (22/10/1811 - 31/7/1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor and teacher of the Romantic period, known for composing Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 and Venezia e Napoli (Années de pèlerinage). - 1813 - 1883: Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22/5/1813 - 13/2/1883) was a German composer, theatre director, essayist, and conductor, known for composing Siegfried and Das Liebesverbot. - 1813 - 1901: Giuseppe Verdi
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (9/10/1813 - 27/1/1901) was an Italian composer best known for his operas, known for composing Aida (Opera) and Rigoletto (Opera). - 1813 - 1854: Pierre Alphonse Laurent
Pierre Alphonse Laurent (18/7/1813 - 2/9/1854) was a French mathematician, engineer, and Military Officer, known for Laurent series and generalization of Taylor series expansion. - 1815 - 1864: George Boole
George Boole (2/11/1815 - 8/12/1864) was an English mathematician, philosopher and logician, known for Boole's expansion theorem and Boole's syllogistic. - 1815 - 1897: Karl Weierstrass
Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (31/10/1815 - 19/2/1897) was a German mathematician, known for Weierstrass product inequality and (ε, δ)-definition of limit.
1820 - 1839
- 1821 - 1880: Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert (12/12/1821 - 8/5/1880) was a French novelist, known for writing Trois Contes and Bouvard et Pécuchet. - 1821 - 1867: Charles Pierre Baudelaire
Charles Pierre Baudelaire (9/4/1821 - 31/8/1867) was a French poet, essayist, translator and art critic, known for writing Le Spleen de Paris and Les Petits Poèmes en Prose. - 1821 - 1883: Franz Doppler
Albert Franz Doppler (16/10/1821 - 27/7/1883) was an Austro-Hungarian flute virtuoso and a composer, known for composing Concertino for Flute and Orchestra in D major and Cavatina for Flute and Piano. - 1822 - 1901: Charles Hermite
Charles Hermite (24/12/1822 - 14/1/1901) was a French mathematician who did research concerning number theory, quadratic forms, invariant theory, orthogonal polynomials, elliptic functions, and algebra, known for Hermitian operator and Hermitian wavelet. - 1824 - 1907: Lord Kelvin
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (26/6/1824 - 17/12/1907) was a British mathematician, mathematical physicist and engineer, known for Kelvin's circulation theorem and depth sounding. - 1824 - 1896: Anton Bruckner
Joseph Anton Bruckner (4/9/1824 - 11/10/1896) was an Austrian composer and organist, known for composing Symphony No. 1 in C minor and Symphony No. 3 in D minor. - 1826 - 1866: Bernhard Riemann
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (17/9/1826 - 20/7/1866) was a German mathematician, known for Riemann–Roch theorem for smooth manifolds and Free Riemann gas also called primon gas. - 1828 - 1910: Leo Tolstoi
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (9/9/1828 - 20/11/1910) was a Russian writer, known for writing Ressurection and The Forged Coupon. - 1831 - 1879: James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13/6/1831 - 5/11/1879) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician, known for Maxwell relations and Maxwell construction. - 1832 - 1903: Rudolf Lipschitz
Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz (14/5/1832 - 7/10/1903) was a German mathematician, known for Lipschitz continuity and Lipschitz integral condition. - 1833 - 1897: Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms (7/5/1833 - 3/4/1897) was a German composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period, known for composing Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-flat major and Academic Festival Overture. - 1833 - 1887: Alexander Borodin
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (12/11/1833 - 27/2/1887) was a Romantic composer and chemist of Georgian-Russian extraction, known for composing Mélodies and Rustem (Opera). - 1835 - 1921: Camille Saint-Saëns
Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (9/10/1835 - 16/12/1921) was a French composer, organist, conductor and pianist of the Romantic era, known for composing Carnival of the Animals and Piano Sonata No. 2 in D minor. - 1839 - 1881: Modest Mussorgsky
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (21/3/1839 - 28/3/1881) was a Russian composer, one of the group known as 'The Five', known for composing Songs and Dances of Death and Czech Dances.
1840 - 1859
- 1840 - 1893: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (7/5/1840 - 6/11/1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period, known for composing The Nutcracker and Francesca da Rimini. - 1840 - 1902: Émile Zola
Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (2/4/1840 - 29/9/1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism, known for writing Les Rougon-Macquart and Au Bonheur des Dames. - 1841 - 1904: Antonín Dvořák
Antonín Leopold Dvořák (8/9/1841 - 1/5/1904) was a Czech composer, known for composing String Quartet No. 12 in F major 'American' and Czech Suite, Op. 39. - 1842 - 1919: Lord Rayleigh
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (12/11/1842 - 30/6/1919) was an English physicist and mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904, known for Rayleigh–Jeans catastrophe and Rayleigh–Jeans law. - 1842 - 1899: Sophus Lie
Marius Sophus Lie (17/12/1842 - 18/2/1899) was a Norwegian mathematician, known for one-parameter group and Lie theory. - 1843 - 1907: Edvard Grieg
Edvard Hagerup Grieg (15/6/1843 - 4/9/1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist, known for composing Elegiac Melodies and Songs, Op. 33. - 1843 - 1921: Hermann Schwarz
Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz (25/1/1843 - 30/11/1921) was a German mathematician, known for Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. - 1844 - 1896: Paul Verlaine
Paul-Marie Verlaine (30/3/1844 - 8/1/1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement and the Decadent movement, known for writing Sagesse and Les Poètes maudits. - 1844 - 1908: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (18/3/1844 - 21/6/1908) was a Russian composer, a member of the group of composers known as The Five, known for composing The Snow Maiden (Opera) and The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh. - 1845 - 1923: Wilhelm Röntgen
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27/3/1845 - 10/2/1923) was a German physicist, recipient of the first Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1901, known for discovering EAPs and discovering X-rays. - 1845 - 1918: Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (3/3/1845 - 6/1/1918) was a mathematician from the Russian Empire, known for set theory. - 1845 - 1918: Ulisse Dini
Ulisse Dini (14/11/1845 - 28/10/1918) was an Italian mathematician and politician, known for Dini criterion and Implicit function theorem generalization. - 1845 - 1924: Gabriel Fauré
Gabriel Urbain Fauré (12/5/1845 - 4/11/1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher, known for composing Piano Quartet in C minor, Op. 15 and Vocalise-Étude, Op. 40. - 1850 - 1893: Guy de Maupassant
Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (5/8/1850 - 6/7/1893) was a 19th-century French author, known for writing Bel-Ami and Pierre et Jean. - 1850 - 1925: Oliver Heaviside
Oliver Heaviside (18/5/1850 - 3/2/1925) was an English mathematician and physicist, known for postulating the energy current and reformulating Maxwell's equations. - 1852 - 1908: Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15/12/1852 - 25/8/1908) was a French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, known for discovering radioactivity. - 1852 - 1931: Albert Michelson
Albert Abraham Michelson (19/12/1852 - 9/5/1931) was an American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907, known for inventing the Michelson interferometer and proposing the Michelson stellar interferometer. - 1853 - 1928: Hendrik Lorentz
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (18/7/1853 - 4/2/1928) was a Dutch theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1902, known for extending the Drude model and proposing the Lorentz ether theory. - 1854 - 1912: Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (29/4/1854 - 17/7/1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science, known for Poincaré–Lindstedt method and phase space. - 1856 - 1940: J.J. Thomson
Sir Joseph John Thomson (18/12/1856 - 30/8/1940) was an English physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906, known for discovering stable isotopes and measuring the mass-to-charge ratio. - 1857 - 1934: Edward Elgar
Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet (2/6/1857 - 23/2/1934) was an English composer, known for composing Enigma Variations and Falstaff (Opera). - 1858 - 1947: Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (23/4/1858 - 4/10/1947) was a German theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918, known for Fokker–Planck equation and Massieu–Planck potentials. - 1859 - 1906: Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (15/5/1859 - 19/4/1906) was a French physicist, chemist and a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, known for discovering piezoelectricity and discovering polonium and radium. - 1859 - 1925: Johan Jensen
Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen (8/5/1859 - 5/3/1925) was a Danish mathematician and engineer, known for Jensen's inequality and Jensen's formula.
1860 - 1879
- 1860 - 1911: Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler (7/7/1860 - 18/5/1911) was an Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer, known for composing Das Lied von der Erde (The Song of the Earth) and Kindertotenlieder (Songs on the Death of Children). - 1862 - 1918: Claude Debussy
Achille-Claude Debussy (22/8/1862 - 25/3/1918) was a French composer, known for composing Nocturnes and Trois Chansons de Charles d'Orléans. - 1862 - 1942: William Henry Bragg
Sir William Henry Bragg (2/7/1862 - 12/3/1942) was an English physicist, chemist, mathematician, and active sportsman, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915, known for Bragg's law and Bragg–Gray cavity theory. - 1863 - 1942: William Henry Young
William Henry Young (20/10/1863 - 7/7/1942) was an English mathematician, known for Young's inequality for products and Young's Theorem. - 1864 - 1909: Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (22/6/1864 - 12/1/1909) was a mathematician described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, or Russian, known for Minkowski diagram and Minkowski space. - 1864 - 1949: Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (11/6/1864 - 8/9/1949) was a German composer and conductor, known for composing Death and Transfiguration and Capriccio (Opera). - 1865 - 1943: Pieter Zeeman
Pieter Zeeman (25/5/1865 - 9/10/1943) was a Dutch physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1902, known for discovering the Zeeman effect. - 1865 - 1957: Jean Sibelius
Johan Julius Christian Sibelius (8/12/1865 - 20/9/1957) was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early modern periods, known for composing The Tempest (Symphonic Poem) and Symphony No. 4 in A minor. - 1867 - 1934: Marie Curie
Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (7/11/1867 - 4/7/1934) was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, and in Chemistry in 1911, known for Pioneering research on radioactivity and discoveries of polonium and radium. - 1868 - 1953: Robert Millikan
Robert Andrews Millikan (22/3/1868 - 19/12/1953) was an American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923, known for coining the term cosmic ray and performing the oil drop experiment. - 1871 - 1922: Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10/7/1871 - 18/11/1922) was a French novelist, literary critic, and essayist, known for writing À la recherche du temps perdu and La Prisonnière. - 1871 - 1937: Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson (30/8/1871 - 19/10/1937) was a New Zealand physicist, known for discovering the atomic nucleus and proposing the Rutherford model. - 1873 - 1943: Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff (1/4/1873 - 28/3/1943) was a Russian composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor, known for composing Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor and Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor. - 1875 - 1937: Maurice Ravel
Joseph Maurice Ravel (7/3/1875 - 28/12/1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor, known for composing Rapsodie Espagnole and Pavane for a Dead Princess. - 1879 - 1955: Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14/3/1879 - 18/4/1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, known for Bose–Einstein condensate and cosmological constant.
1880 - 1899
- 1881 - 1955: George Enescu
George Enescu (19/8/1881 - 4/5/1955) was a Romanian composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, and teacher, known for composing Octet for Strings in C major and Impressions d'enfance. - 1882 - 1970: Max Born
Max Born (11/12/1882 - 5/1/1970) was a German-British theoretical physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954, known for Born–Huang approximation and canonical commutation relation. - 1882 - 1971: Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (17/6/1882 - 6/4/1971) was a Russian composer and conductor with French and American citizenship, known for composing The Rite of Spring and The Fairy's Kiss (Ballet). - 1883 - 1924: Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka (3/7/1883 - 3/6/1924) was an Austrian-Czech novelist and writer from Prague, known for writing The Metamorphosis and The Castle. - 1883 - 1964: Victor Hess
Victor Franz Hess (24/6/1883 - 17/12/1964) was an Austrian-American physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936, known for discovering cosmic rays. - 1885 - 1962: Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (7/10/1885 - 18/11/1962) was a Danish theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922, known for Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory and correspondence principle. - 1887 - 1961: Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (12/8/1887 - 4/1/1961) was an Austrian and naturalized Irish physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, known for Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation and energy level. - 1890 - 1971: Lawrence Bragg
Sir William Lawrence Bragg (31/3/1890 - 1/7/1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, known for Bragg's law and X-ray spectroscopy. - 1891 - 1974: James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick (20/10/1891 - 24/7/1974) was an English physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935, known for discovering the neutron. - 1891 - 1953: Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (27/4/1891 - 5/3/1953) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor, known for composing Sinfonietta in A major and Symphony No. 6 in E minor. - 1892 - 1962: Arthur Compton
Arthur Holly Compton (10/9/1892 - 15/3/1962) was an American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927, known for Compton effect and Compton–Getting effect. - 1892 - 1987: Louis de Broglie
Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (15/8/1892 - 19/3/1987) was a French physicist and aristocrat, known for de Broglie wave and wave-particle duality. - 1892 - 1945: Stefan Banach
Stefan Banach (30/3/1892 - 31/8/1945) was a Polish mathematician, known for functional analysis and Banach–Mazur theorem. - 1894 - 1974: Satyendra Nath Bose
Satyendra Nath Bose (1/1/1894 - 4/2/1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician, known for Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson. - 1898 - 1974: Fritz Zwicky
Fritz Zwicky (14/2/1898 - 8/2/1974) was a Swiss astronomer, known for supernovae and neutron stars.
1900 - 1909
- 1900 - 1958: Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25/4/1900 - 15/12/1958) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and a pioneer of quantum physics, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945, known for Pauli matrices and Pauli repulsion. - 1901 - 1954: Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (29/9/1901 - 28/11/1954) was an Italian and naturalized American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, known for Fermi's golden rule and Chandrasekhar–Fermi method. - 1901 - 1976: Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5/12/1901 - 1/2/1976) was a German theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932, known for Heisenberg model (classical) and Heisenberg's microscope. - 1901 - 1958: Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (8/8/1901 - 27/8/1958) was an American nuclear physicist, Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939, known for cyclotron and chromatron. - 1902 - 1984: Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (8/8/1902 - 20/10/1984) was an English mathematical and theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, known for Dirac fermion and Dirac membrane. - 1902 - 1995: Eugene Wigner
Eugene Paul Wigner (17/11/1902 - 1/1/1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, known for Wigner crystal and 6-j symbol. - 1903 - 1976: Raymond Queneau
Raymond Queneau (21/2/1903 - 25/10/1976) was a French novelist, poet, critic, editor and co-founder and president of Oulipo, known for writing Exercices de style and Zazie dans le métro. - 1903 - 1923: Raymond Radiguet
Raymond Radiguet (18/6/1903 - 12/12/1923) was a French novelist and poet, known for writing Le Diable au corps and Le Bal du comte d'Orgel. - 1903 - 1978: Aram Khachaturian
Aram Ilyich Khachaturian (6/6/1903 - 1/5/1978) was a Soviet Armenian composer and conductor, known for composing Concerto-Rhapsody for Violin and Toccata for Piano. - 1904 - 1990: Pavel Cherenkov
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (28/7/1904 - 6/1/1990) was a Soviet physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958, known for characterizing Cherenkov radiation. - 1905 - 1980: Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21/6/1905 - 15/4/1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, known for writing L'Être et le Néant and Critique de la raison dialectique. - 1905 - 1991: Carl Anderson
Carl David Anderson (3/9/1905 - 11/1/1991) was an American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936, known for discovering the muon and discovering the positron. - 1906 - 2005: Hans Bethe
Hans Albrecht Bethe (2/7/1906 - 6/3/2005) was a German-American physicist who made contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics and solid-state physics, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967, known for quantum electrodynamics and stellar nucleosynthesis. - 1906 - 1975: Dmitri Shostakovich
Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (25/9/1906 - 9/8/1975) was a Soviet-era Russian composer and pianist, known for composing Symphony No. 10 in E minor and Symphony No. 13 in B-flat minor 'Babi Yar'. - 1907 - 1981: Hideki Yukawa
Hideki Yukawa (23/1/1907 - 8/9/1981) was a Japanese theoretical physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1949, known for predicting the meson. - 1907 - 1988: Seth Neddermeyer
Seth Henry Neddermeyer (16/9/1907 - 29/1/1988) was an American physicist, known for discovering the muon and implosion-type of atomic bomb. - 1908 - 1986: Simone de Beauvoir
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (9/1/1908 - 14/4/1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist, known for writing Le Deuxième Sexe and Les Mandarins. - 1908 - 1968: Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau (22/1/1908 - 1/4/1968) was a Soviet physicist, laureat of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962, known for Landau–Lifshitz model and roton. - 1908 - 1991: John Bardeen
John Bardeen (23/5/1908 - 30/1/1991) was an American mathematical physicist and electrical engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972, known for Mattis–Bardeen theory and point-contact transistor.
1910 - 1919
- 1910 - 1995: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (19/10/1910 - 21/8/1995) was an Indian-American theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983, known for Chandrasekhar–Fermi method and Chandrasekhar transformation. - 1911 - 1979: Nino Rota
Giovanni "Nino" Rota Rinaldi (3/12/1911 - 10/4/1979) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor and academic who is known for his film scores, known for composing La Strada (Film Score) and Trumpet Concerto. - 1911 - 1970: Shoichi Sakata
Shoichi Sakata (18/1/1911 - 16/10/1970) was a Japanese physicist, known for two meson theory and Sakata model. - 1913 - 1960: Albert Camus
Albert Camus (7/11/1913 - 4/1/1960) was a French philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, world federalist, and political activist, known for writing Le Mythe de Sisyphe and Caligula. - 1913 - 1993: Bruno Pontecorvo
Bruno Maksimovich Pontecorvo (22/8/1913 - 24/9/1993) was an Italian–Russian nuclear physicist, known for induced gamma emission and Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix. - 1914 - 1996: Marguerite Duras
Marguerite Germaine Marie Donnadieu (4/4/1914 - 3/3/1996) was a French novelist, playwright, screenwriter, essayist, and experimental filmmaker, known for writing L'Amant and Un barrage contre le Pacifique. - 1914 - 2006: Raymond Davis Jr.
Raymond Davis Jr. (14/10/1914 - 31/5/2006) was an American chemist and physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002, known for solar neutrinos detection. - 1918 - 1988: Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (11/5/1918 - 15/2/1988) was an American theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965, known for acoustic wave equation and quantum computing. - 1918 - 1998: Frederick Reines
Frederick Reines (16/3/1918 - 26/8/1998) was an American physicist who was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics, known for electron neutrinos detection. - 1919 - 1974: Clyde Cowan
Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr (6/12/1919 - 24/5/1974) was an American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995, known for Electron neutrino discovery.
1920 - 1929
- 1920 - 1959: Boris Vian
Boris Vian (10/3/1920 - 23/6/1959) was a French polymath who is primarily remembered for his novels, known for writing J'irai cracher sur vos tombes and En avant la zizique... et par ici les gros sous. - 1921 - 2020: Jack Steinberger
Jack Steinberger (25/5/1921 - 12/12/2020) was a German-born American physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988, known for discovery of the muon neutrino. - 1922 - : Chen-Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Yang (1/10/1922 - ) is a Chinese theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957, known for Yang–Baxter equation and Lee–Yang theorem. - 1922 - 2018: Leon Lederman
Leon Max Lederman (15/7/1922 - 3/10/2018) was an American experimental physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988, known for muonic neutrino discovery. - 1923 - 2015: Val Logsdon Fitch
Val Logsdon Fitch (10/3/1923 - 5/2/2015) was an American nuclear physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980, known for discovery of CP-violation. - 1926 - 2024: Tsung-Dao Lee
Tsung-Dao Lee (24/11/1926 - 4/8/2024) was a Chinese-American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957, known for Lee–Yang theory and G-parity. - 1926 - 1996: Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam (29/1/1926 - 21/11/1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist, laureat of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979, known for Goldstone boson and Higgs mechanism. - 1926 - : Henry Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (9/12/1926 - ) is an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990, known for deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons. - 1926 - 2020: Masatoshi Koshiba
Masatoshi Koshiba (19/9/1926 - 12/11/2020) was a Japanese physicist and one of the founders of neutrino astronomy, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002, known for solar neutrinos detection and astrophysics contributions. - 1927 - 2014: Martin Perl
Martin Lewis Perl (24/6/1927 - 30/9/2014) was an American chemical engineer and physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995, known for discovery of tau lepton. - 1928 - 2020: Ennio Morricone
Ennio Morricone (10/11/1928 - 6/6/2020) was an Italian composer, orchestrator, conductor, trumpeter, and pianist, known for composing The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Film Score) and The Untouchables (Film Score). - 1929 - 2019: Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann (15/9/1929 - 24/5/2019) was an American theoretical physicist, laureat of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969, known for neutral particle oscillation and Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula. - 1929 - 2018: Richard Taylor
Richard Edward Taylor (2/11/1929 - 22/2/2018) was a Canadian physicist and Stanford University professor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990, known for evidence of existence of gluons and formalization of first quarks. - 1929 - 2024: Peter Higgs
Peter Ware Higgs (29/5/1929 - 8/4/2024) was a British theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013, known for Higgs boson and Higgs mechanism.
1930 - 1939
- 1930 - 2019: Kazuo Fukushima
Kazuo Fukushima (11/4/1930 - 19/8/2019) was a Japanese composer, known for composing Hiten-sei for Wind Ensemble and Sanka for Solo Flute. - 1930 - 2014: Leon Cooper
Leon N. Cooper (28/2/1930 - 23/10/2014) was an American theoretical physicist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972, known for Cooper pairs and BCM theory. - 1930 - : Jerome Friedman
Jerome Isaac Friedman (28/3/1930 - ) is an American physicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990, known for experimental proof of quarks. - 1931 - 2019: John Schrieffer
John Robert Schrieffer (31/5/1931 - 27/7/2019) was an American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972, known for BCS theory and paramagnons. - 1931 - 2016: James Cronin
James Watson Cronin (29/9/1931 - 25/8/2016) was an American particle physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980, known for nuclear physics. - 1931 - 2021: Martinus Veltman
Martinus Justinus Godefriedus "Tini" Veltman (27/6/1931 - 4/1/2021) was a Dutch theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999, known for renormalization of Yang–Mills theory and vDVZ discontinuity. - 1932 - : Sheldon Glashow
Sheldon Lee Glashow (5/12/1932 - ) is an American theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979, known for electroweak theory and trinification. - 1932 - 2006: Melvin Schwartz
Melvin Schwartz (2/11/1932 - 28/8/2006) was an American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988, known for muonic neutrino discovery. - 1932 - : François Englert
François, Baron Englert (6/11/1932 - ) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate in Physics, known for Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson. - 1932 - : Rainer Weiss
Rainer Weiss (29/9/1932 - ) is a German-born American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017, known for pioneering laser interferometric gravitational wave observation. - 1932 - : John Williams
John Towner Williams (8/2/1932 - ) is an American composer and conductor, known for composing The Patriot (Film Score) and The Adventures of Tintin (Film Score). - 1933 - 2021: Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (3/5/1933 - 23/7/2021) was an American theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979, known for electroweak interaction and effective action. - 1935 - 2010: Nicola Cabibbo
Nicola Cabibbo (10/4/1935 - 16/8/2010) was an Italian physicist, known for Cabibbo angle and CKM matrix. - 1936 - : Barry Barish
Barry Clark Barish (27/1/1936 - ) is an American experimental physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017, known for LIGO detector and observation of gravitational waves.
1940 - 1949
- 1940 - 2021: Toshihide Maskawa
Toshihide Maskawa (7/2/1940 - 23/7/2021) was a Japanese theoretical physicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008, known for CP violation and CKM matrix. - 1940 - : Kip Thorne
Kip Stephen Thorne (1/6/1940 - ) is an American theoretical physicist and writer, known for Hartle–Thorne metric and Thorne-Żytkow object. - 1941 - : David Gross
David Gross (19/2/1941 - ) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004, known for asymptotic freedom and Gross–Neveu model. - 1942 - : Michel Mayor
Michel Gustave Édouard Mayor (12/1/1942 - ) is a Swiss astrophysicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019, known for discovery of first planet orbiting around a normal star and 51 Pegasi. - 1943 - : Arthur McDonald
Arthur Bruce McDonald (29/8/1943 - ) is a Canadian astrophysicist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015, known for neutrino experiments and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Collaboration. - 1944 - : Makoto Kobayashi
Makoto Kobayashi (7/4/1944 - ) is a Japanese physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008, known for CP violation and CKM matrix. - 1945 - : Patrick Modiano
Jean Patrick Modiano (30/7/1945 - ) is a French novelist, known for writing Les Boulevards de ceinture and Un pedigree. - 1945 - : George Smoot
George Fitzgerald Smoot III (20/2/1945 - ) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist, known for cosmic microwave background radiation studies. - 1946 - : Gerard 't Hooft
Gerard 't Hooft (5/7/1946 - ) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands who won the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics, known for black hole complementarity and renormalon. - 1946 - : John Mather
John Cromwell Mather (7/8/1946 - ) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006, known for cosmic microwave background radiation studies. - 1949 - : Hugh David Politzer
Hugh David Politzer (31/8/1949 - ) is an American theoretical physicist and Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004, known for asymptotic freedom and prediction of charmonium.
1950 - 1959
- 1950 - : Joe Hisaishi
Mamoru Fujisawa (6/12/1950 - ) is a Japanese composer, musical director, conductor and pianist, known for composing Princess Mononoke (Film Score) and Ballade (Orchestral Work). - 1951 - : Frank Wilczek
Frank Anthony Wilczek (15/5/1951 - ) is an American theoretical physicist and mathematician, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004, known for asymptotic freedom and axion model. - 1957 - : Hans Zimmer
Hans Florian Zimmer (12/9/1957 - ) is a German film score composer and music producer, known for composing The Last Samurai (Film Score) and Crimson Tide (Film Score). - 1959 - : Takaaki Kajita
Takaaki Kajita (9/3/1959 - ) is a Japanese physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015, known for Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande.
1960 - 1969
- 1966 - : Didier Queloz
Didier Patrick Queloz (23/2/1966 - ) is a Swiss astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019, known for finding a planet orbiting a Sun-like star outside of our solar system. - 1967 - : Amélie Nothomb
Baroness Fabienne Claire Nothomb (13/8/1967 - ) is a Belgian Francophone novelist, known for writing Hygiène de l'assassin and Métaphysique des tubes.
All information taken from Wikipedia. Last update: January 14, 2025